Ch5_MarguliesM

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 Chapter 5

Lesson 1 a-e (Method 5)
After reading each passage, imagine that you are a journalist. Newspaper headlines have to grab the reader’s attention, and they must capture the essence of the story in one line. In addition, the first paragraph (usually only 2 – 4 sentences) includes all of the major points, with the rest of the article fleshing out those points fully. Your job is to generate the headline and first paragraph only. Do this for each concept presented in the passages that you are assigned to read (generally, each webpage from TPC).

**Part A:** How to figure out Speed and Velocity of an object moving in a circular motion? Objects that move in a uniform circular motion are moving around a perimeter of a circle. As they move, they move with a constant speed, however, the velocity changes. This is because it has a constant magnitude but a changing direction. In Velocity, a vector, the direction is tangent to the circle. The tangent line always points in a new direction as the object moves in a circular motion.

**Part B:** Accelerating, Accelerating, Accelerating! An accelerating object is one that changes velocity meaning both magnitude and direction. Average acceleration equals the change of velocity over time. The acceleration of an object is measured using an accelerometer, which uses a jar filled with water with an attacked cork to the lid by a string. This tests the direction of acceleration in an object that moves in a circle. The least massive of the two objects lean in the direction of acceleration.

**Part C:** Centripetal Force: an inward force acting upon an object The direction of the net force is the same as acceleration, with an inward force acting upon it. This is the centripetal force which has a physical force pushing or pulling the object towards the center. This force changes the direction of the object without changing its speed. Work equals Force times displacement times cosine (theta). Theta in this represents the angle between the force and the displacement. Without this force an object could never change direction. It is perpendicular to the tangential velocity.

**Part D:** Get it right: The Misconception between Centripetal and Centrifugal! Centrifugal means away from the center or outward. The sensation of being pushed outward is due to inertia. For a circular motion to occur there must be an unbalanced force that is pointed towards the center of the circle.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**Part E:** <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Mathematical Equations ease your circular motion problems! <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Three quantities that are important for circular motion problems are speed, acceleration, and force. To find average speed you do distance which is 2 times Pi times R (circumference) over time. To find the acceleration of an object moving in a circle you multiply 4 times pi squared times R all over time squared. The Net force is found by multiplying mass times acceleration. As the net force increases so does the acceleration, however, the acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass.

<span style="color: #0024ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Lesson 2 a-c (Method 4)
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**What is Newton's Second Law?** <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting upon the object and invesely proportional t the mass off the object. The equations for this law is F= ma.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**How is physics applied in Amusement Parks?** <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">There are three different parts of a ride that uses centripetal force clothoid loops, small dips and hills, and banked turns. In Clothoid loops the radius is constantly changing and the bottom is less than curvy than the top. On the loops an increase in heigh results in a decrease of kinetic energy and speed. At the top of the loop the rider feels like they are weightless because the centripetal force at the top is almost zero. At the bottom the engineers have to take in the consideration that there wont be too much force for the rider to handle. This is because if there is too much deceleration and then acceleration to go up a hill again the riders will pass out.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**How is physics applied in athletics?** <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Turns are used in pretty much every sport such as football, track and field, ice skating, baseball, and many more. These turns are part of a circle. When a persone turns on a horizontal surface they tend to lean in which creates multiple components. The constant force balanced the downward force of gravity and meets the centripetal force requirement for an object in uniform circular motion.

<span style="color: #2704d7; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Lesson 3 a-e (Method 4)
<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**What is gravity?** <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">It is the force that exists between the Earth and the objects near it. The force gravity causes an acceleration of bodies which is called the acceleration of gravity. This is 9.8 m/s/s.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**What are Kepler's three laws of planetary motion?** <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">1. The paths of the planets about the sun are elliptical in shape, with the center of the sun being located at one focus <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">2. An imaginary line drawn from the center of the sun to the center of the planet will sweep out equal areas in equal intervals of time <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">3. The ratio of the squares of the periods of any two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their average distances from the sun

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**What is the Inverse Square Law?** <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The relationship between gravity between the Earth and any other object and the distance that seperates their centers. Gravity between two objects i proportional to 1 over d squared.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**What is Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation?** <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">It is not only gravity on earth, but the universality of gravity. It states that all objects attract each other with a force a of gravitational attraction.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**What did Cavendish discover?** <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">He had calibrated his instrument to determine the relationship between the angle of rotation and the amount of torsional force. The value of G is extremely small because the force of gravitational attraction is for objects with large masses. This contraption discovered the relationship and the value of G. The value of g is dependent upon location. It varies due to density and that the earth is not completely spherical. The equation gravity equals G times the mass of earth divided by d squared demonstrates that the acceleration of gravity is dependent upon the mass of the earth.

<span style="color: #2704d7; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Lesson 4 a-c (method 4)
<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**What are Kepler's three laws?** <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">1. The Law of Ellipses <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">2. The Law od Equal Areas <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">3. The Law of Harmonies

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**What does each law stand for?** <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The paths of the planets about the sun are elliptical in shape, with the center of the sun being located at one focus. An imaginary line drawn from the center of the sun to the center of the planet will sweep out equal areas in equal intervals of time. The ratio of the squares of the periods of any two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their average distances from the sun

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**What are the circular Motion principles for Satellites?** <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">These objects are either natural or man-made. Satellites are projectiles because it is an object upon which the only force is gravity. Satellites have elliptical orbits or other orbital shapes. The orbit around a central massive body. Due to Newton's Laws the satellites ermege from an application of Newton's universal law of gravitation.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**What is weightlessness?** <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">This is when an person has no external objects touching one's body, basically, when there is no contact.

<span style="color: #4e21ed; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The Clockwork Universe (Part1-4)

 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**Copernicus**- rejected the discovery that the Earth moved around the sun (heliocentric).
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**Galileo**- supported Copernicus' ideas
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**Kepler**- devised a modified form of Copernicanism, the planets did move around the Sun, but their orbital paths were ellipses
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**Coordinate geometry**- represents geometrical shapes by equations, and which establishes geometrical truths by combining and rearranging equations
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**Newtonian Physics**- predicted that gravitation attractions between planets would cause small departures from the elliptical motions
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**Mechanics**- the study of force and motion
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**Determanism**- a property of mechanics, gives an accurate description of the character, position and velocity of every particle in the Universe at a particular moment

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**The Three views of planetary motion**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">1. The Earth centered view of the Greeks and church
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">2. The Copernican system: the planets move in collections of circles around the sun
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">3. The Keplerian system: a planet follows an elliptical orbit, with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**The Restless Universe**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">1. Deviations from steady motion: when an object speeds up, slows down, or veers off in anew direction
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">2. When deviation from steady motion occurred Newton looked for a cause.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">3. He made a link between force and deviation. Quantified the force of gravity by proposing the law of universal gravitation


 * Galileo's Laws of Motion:**
 * developed velocity (speed and direction)
 * Developed the idea of force, the cause of motion
 * he determined the natural state of an object at rest or uniform motion
 * Inertia- objects resist change in motion


 * Descartes' Mechanical Philosophy**: to revolutionize science, and have far- reaching religious implications completely
 * World is a plenum of matter
 * There are only two real primary substances in the universe (matter and mind)
 * Newton's development of the cause of planetary motion, gravity, and the solar system and the mathematical formulation of the Newton's model of the solar system became the science of celestial mechanics.